The energy sector in Croatia

Croatia has around four million inhabitants and rich potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency. In 2016 the country imported 53.3 per cent of its total primary energy supply, compared to an EU average of 55 per cent. Croatia produces oil and gas but unlike most of its Western Balkan neighbours, it no longer has its own coal reserves.

Croatia produces only about half of its own electricity, depending on hydrological conditions. Most of the electricity generation capacity is owned by Hrvatska Elektroprivreda, the state-owned electricity group. In 2018, 58.6 per cent of domestically generated electricity came from hydropower, 10.9 per cent from coal, 17.4 per cent from oil/gas, 10.1 per cent from wind, 2.4 per cent from biomass and 0.6 per cent from solar. Krsko nuclear power plant in Slovenia, of which HEP owns 50 percent, also contributes to Croatia’s electricity supply but is counted under imports in the statistics.

Electricity generation in Croatia, 2018, GWh

Fuel	Hydropower	Coal (imported)	Oil and gas	Wind	Biomass/Biogas	Solar PV
GWh	7784.9	1452.6	2313.9	1335.4	315.2	74.9

Source: EIHP: Energy in Croatia 2018

Although Croatia has made some progress in using its wind potential, solar and solar thermal are underused compared to the obvious potential in this very sunny country.

Source	Solar PV	Wind
IRENA Cost-competitive potential	3173 MW 4309 GWh	14384 MW 28317 GWh
SEERMAP Decarbonisation scenario (2050 minus 2016)	1839 MW 1837 GWh	3857 MW 7215 GWh
SEE-SEP The EU Road scenario	6950 MW 11830 GWh	3200 MW 8450 GWh

Renewables and energy efficiency development was for years held back by small renewables incentive quotas for support for wind and especially solar. In line with EU State aid rules, Croatia has now switched to auctioning and feed-in premiums rather than feed-in tariffs, but delays in adopting the implementing legislation and adopting new energy and climate strategies created uncertainty regarding the country’s future plans.

Much time and resources have also been lost on pushing outdated projects such as the 500 MW Plomin C coal power plant, to be run on imported coal, the 450 MW Peruća gas power plant, and large-scale hydropower projects in sensitive locations such as Ombla and Kosinj. The first three have now been cancelled after civil society campaigns highlighted their weaknesses. However a highly unpopular and weakly justified floating LNG terminal on the island of Krk is still planned, with financial support from the EU.

Croatia still has plenty of potential for energy efficiency improvements, especially in the residential sector. Its energy intensity was 26 percent above the EU-28 figure in 2017.

Coal in the Balkans

In contrast to most EU countries, governments across southeast Europe plan new lignite power plants during the next few years.

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