Press release

As world leaders pledge to end coal, Serbia lets polluters continue illegal operations

Of the 227 facilities listed by the Ministry for Environmental Protection, only 46 have obtained permits since the Law entered into force in 2004. That means, no fewer than 181 facilities are operating without environmental permits, ie. illegally.

This includes many of Serbia’s largest polluters, including all the coal power plants operated by state-owned utility Elektroprivreda Srbije (EPS), the mining complex in Bor operated by Zijin Bor Copper doo, as well as the iron factory complex operated by HBIS Group Serbia.

Permits are vital to make sure toxic chemicals from industrial operations are capped. Plants operating without them put people and nature in serious and continuous danger.

The draft amendments (1) to the Law on Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control would postpone the deadline for issuing integrated environmental permits for existing plants until 31 December 2024. They were adopted at a government session on October 21, without any public debate, and will almost certainly now be approved by the National Assembly.

Serbian non-governmental organisation the Renewables and Environmental Regulatory Institute (RERI) today wrote to the Serbian Public Prosecutor requesting intervention.

This is already the second time that the deadline for existing plants to obtain environmental permits is being extended – the latest deadline expired on 31 December 2020.

“The timing could hardly have been more ironic,” said Jovan Rajić from RERI. “At least 23 new countries have pledged to phase out coal power this week at COP26 (2) but the Serbian government is handing out new privileges to polluters.”

‘Postponing the deadline for issuing environmental permits is a clear signal to polluters that laws do not apply to them and that the State will always be there to support them in their lawlessness because it does not care for the laws and is not able to implement them,’ added Rajić.

RERI has so far submitted five requests for extraordinary inspections, as well as three requests for initiation of commercial offence procedures against the polluters responsible, but no fines have been imposed yet.

Serbia’s coal plants are among the most deadly in Europe, pumping out more sulphur dioxide than all the 221 coal power plants in the EU put together (3).

“More than three million people across Serbia are exposed to excessively polluted air. The current state of environmental degradation puts Serbia in the top 10 countries globally with the highest number of premature deaths attributed to pollution. Postponing the issuance of environmental permits runs contrary to the pressing need to address environmental challenges across Serbia,” said Ognjan Pantić from Belgrade Open School.

The country is already subject to a dispute settlement case opened earlier this year by the Energy Community Secretariat due to breaches of the Large Combustion Plants Directive (4), but Serbia’s sulphur dioxide emissions from coal plants in 2020 were even higher than in previous years.

“More than half of the estimated 19,000 deaths caused by Western Balkan coal power plants in 2018-2020 took place in the EU (5), and at the same time the EU is trading electricity with the region, so it bears both the consequences and part of the responsibility. The European Commission has to take stronger action to include penalties in the Energy Community Treaty if we are to see any improvement in the situation,” said Ioana Ciuta of CEE Bankwatch Network.

“By once again allowing Serbia’s power plants to operate without environmental permits, Serbia is knowingly putting its citizens’ health and the environment at risk. Serbians are the ones that will pay the price for the Government’s flippant attitude towards its own laws. At this crucial time in the fight to protect nature and our climate, Serbia should be putting its people’s right to a healthy environment at the heart of decision-making, not using their legal power to maintain the status quo,” said ClientEarth’s energy lawyer Maria Jolie Veder.

Contacts

Jovan Rajić, RERI

jovan.rajic@reri.org.rs

+381 60 3637171

Ioana Ciuta, CEE Bankwatch Network

ioana.ciuta@bankwatch.org

+40724020281

Bianca Vergnaud, ClientEarth

bvergnaud@clientearth.org

+32 471 88 70 95

Ognjan Pantić, Belgrade Open School

ognjan.pantic@bos.rs

+381 61 6201276

Notes for editors

The draft law with amendments (in Serbian) can be found at http://www.parlament.gov.rs/upload/archive/files/lat/pdf/predlozi_zakona/2021/1850-21%20-%20LAT.pdf
For more details, see https://ukcop26.org/end-of-coal-in-sight-at-cop26/
For more details, see www.complyorclose.org
See https://energy-community.org/news/Energy-Community-News/2021/03/16.html
www.complyorclose.org
More details about the proposed law and enforcement issues can be found at: https://www.reri.org.rs/en/government-of-republic-of-serbia-once-again-proposed-delay-in-application-of-the-law-on-the-integrated-prevention-and-pollution-control/

Response: G20 ends public financing for international coal-fired power projects, we ask China to walk away from Western Balkan coal projects immediately.

China, the world’s top financier for the construction of international coal-fired power projects, still currently has over 1.7 GW of planned coal-fired power plants and the 350 MW Kostolac B3 coal-fired power project under construction in the Western Balkan countries in Southeast Europe.

OECD countries including the EU, Japan, Korea and others agreed last week to an immediate ban on various forms of government financial support for international coal-fired power plants by the end of 2021, making it the first internationally binding agreement to end export support of international coal-fired power plant projects [2].

Although China is not a member of the OECD, and is thus not bound by the agreement, earlier in October the Bank of China, a major bank with a track record of financing overseas coal projects, broke rank with other Chinese banks, becoming China’s first financial institution to end financing of new international coal-fired power plant and mining projects [3].

Since 2020 an increasing number of developing economies along the Belt and Road have taken big steps away from previously ambitious coal power expansion plans faciliated by China. Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in Southeast Europe, however, continue to be a hotspot for Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in expanding their new coal projects, while Montenegro is currently deciding whether to go ahead with a controversial coal plant modernisation by China’s Dongfang Electric.

Chinese SOEs specializing in power generation are currently active in six coal-fired power projects in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro, some with financial backing from China’s Export-Import Bank (China Eximbank) [4].

Xi’s September United Nations General Assembly pledge to pull out of new overseas coal-fired power plants further eroded the legitimacy of the planned Tuzla 7 project, a coal-fired power station with debt financed by China Eximbank which is still not yet being built, amid controversies over State aid, permitting procedures and changes to the technology being offered by Gezhouba.

Denis Žiško from the Aarhus Center Tuzla in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who monitors the planned Tuzla 7 project, says “this was risky business from the start for our country, starting when it accepted €614 million loan from China Eximbank for a construction project that benefits first and foremost the Chinese companies and its workers.’’ Žiško added, “The question is why are Chinese authorities still pressuring our country to invest in a project that will and up as a stranded asset?”

“Chinese SOEs operate in utmost secrecy and make deals with our authorities and private investors on the construction of planned thermal power plants – such as the Ugljevik 3 coal-fired plant project. China National Electric Engineering Corporation secretly secured an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contract without any public consultation or knowledge of the local communities,” said Majda Ibraković from the Center for the Environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina. “We demand that China stays true to its promise and exits from every planned coal-fired power project in Bosnia and Herzegovina, so our country is not further indebted to China’s state entities,” she added.

Zvezdan Kalmar from Serbia’s Center for Ecology and Sustainable Development (CEKOR) said: “Not only are all the Chinese coal projects in the Western Balkans non-compliant with the latest EU pollution control standards, but most are also plagued with irregularities in the environmental permitting and assessment studies.” Kalmar added, “China must immediately stop overseas coal projects whose construction began without acquiring cleared permits and meaningful public consultation; Serbia’s Kostolac B3 coal-fired plant that is under construction is such an example.’’

Wawa Wang, Director of Just Finance International said: “We welcome G20 and especially China’s commitment to ending public financing for international coal projects. Communities and citizen NGOs have long questioned the legitimacy and legality of Chinese SOEs’ coal-fired power projects in the Western Balkans and beyond. Our research shows China has still at least 13 GW of active and planned coal-fired power projects – some of which already financed but not yet built – around the world [5]. China would need to exit these active projects immediately for the commitment to have true climate saving impacts.”

Ioana Ciuta, energy coordinator at CEE Bankwatch Network said: “At this stage of the climate emergency we should have agreements on halting all fossil fuel financing, but we haven’t even cut off the lifelines for coal yet. The economies, the environment and public health only have to suffer if China leaves the door open for all these ill-advised coal projects in southeast Europe.”

ENDS

Denis Žiško, Aarhus Center Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. (E-mail: denis.z@bih.net.ba; Telephone: +387 61140655)

Majda Ibrakovic, Center for the Environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina (E-mail: majda.ibrakovic@czzs.org; Telephone: +387 51433140)

Zvezdan Kalmar, Center for Ecology and Sustainable Development, Serbia (E-mail: Zvezdan.kalmar@protonmail.com; Telephone: +381 655523191)

Wawa Wang, Just Finance International, Denmark (E-mail: justfinanceinternational@protonmail.com; Telephone: +45 81949469)

Ioana Ciuta, CEE Bankwatch Network, Czech Republic (E-mail: ioana.ciuta@bankwatch.org; Telephone +40 724020281)

Notes:

[1] G20 Rome Leaders’ Declaration: link

[2] Reuters: In climate pledge, Xi says China will not build new coal-fired power projects abroad https://www.reuters.com/world/china/xi-says-china-aims-provide-2-bln-vaccine-doses-by-year-end-2021-09-21/

[3] Agreement reached at OECD to end export credit support for unabated coal-fired power plants: link

[4] Tuzla 7, Banovići, Ugljevik in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kostolac B3 and Kolubara B in Serbia, and Pljevlja in Montengegro.

[5] ‘Adding Coal to Fire’ briefing: an overview on where China stands in 2021’s historic exit from international coal projects’: https://justfinanceinternational.org/2021/10/27/adding-coal-to-the-fire/

Pljevlja has unique opportunity to clean up its heating system

The current heating supply for the municipality of Pljevlja is based on wood and lignite, and is reliant on stand-alone furnaces, a few microgrids, and outdated stoves with poor filtering systems. This heating system is contributing to very high levels of pollution in the area – in 2018, 680 premature deaths were estimated to be caused by air pollution in Montenegro.

Despite the fact that the coal power plant in Pljevlja is already operating illegally, the central government has announced a coal phaseout date only in 2035. In spite of these contradictions, local authorities are still relying on older existing plans for refurbishing the coal plant in Pljevlja and building a district heating system attached to the plant. Additionally, the 2030 national energy strategy envisages developing district heating systems based on biomass.

But an analysis commissioned by CEE Bankwatch Network and conducted by experts at Plan Energi, an independent consultancy offering advice on energy planning, shows that with additional support from the government, better solutions are possible for the future of Pljevlja’s municipal heating.

Having looked at several scenarios, the experts concluded that the optimal solution would involve the expansion of existing microgrids across the town centre, connecting them to an enlarged district heating grid, all the while replacing existing supply technologies with renewable ones, particularly solar in combination with seasonal heat storage and the utilisation of air-to-water heat pumps. For individual heating, some old boilers would be replaced by more efficient biomass ones, and complemented with energy efficiency measures.

“The end of coal in Pljevlja presents the local community with an unprecedented opportunity to reshape its heating system in a modern, sustainable way. This is why the authorities should not be jumping to simple but outdated technologies – such as more lignite, gas or even biomass – but rather invest in future-proof, non-polluting solutions,” comments Natasa Kovacevic, Bankwatch district heating coordinator.

“Our analysis shows that a diversified approach, involving renewable heating sources and technologies such as open space solar with seasonal storage, air-to-water heat pumps and other potential sources such as waste heat or geothermal, is preferable for Pljevlja,” Kovacevic says. “Relying on an increased share of biomass is the wrong solution as it involves the destruction of forests and biodiversity, and contributes to air pollution.”

“It is clear that coal use has no future and that a coal-fired heating system cannot be sustainable on the long term, especially given the current situation with the coal plant at Pljevlja and the government’s plans to decarbonise the energy sector by 2035,” Diana Milev Cavor, from the Montenegrin NGO Ecoteam, says. “Pljevlja needs a sustainable and modern heating system that will contribute to solving the environmental and health problems we have accumulated here over the years.”

Read the executive summary (in English) of the expert analysis here: Identification and analysis of possible sustainable heating solutions in Pljevlja in Montenegro – Bankwatch

For more information, contact:

Natasa Kovacevic

Bankwatch district heating coordinator

Phone: +38267030033

Natasa.kovacevic@bankwatch.org

Diana Milev Cavor

Ecoteam project coordinator (Montenegro)

Phone: +38267668817

Diana.milev@yahoo.com

Notes for editors:

More about PlanEnergi, the consultant authoring the analysis: Company profile – PlanEnergi.

Bankwatch’s analysis of the health costs of air pollution in the Balkans, Comply or Close: Comply or Close

New report: European Investment Bank hydropower failures necessitate tighter rules

The European Investment Bank has financed a series of damaging hydropower projects since 2010 (1) which underline the need to tighten its environmental and social standards, according to a new report published today by CEE Bankwatch Network and EuroNatur.

The report examines eight hydropower schemes in central and eastern Europe (2) supported or currently being considered for financing by the EU’s house bank. It finds that neither the Bank’s current rules, nor its proposed new standards published for consultation in June 2021 (3), are sufficient to prevent the damage from such projects.

Andrey Ralev, Biodiversity Campaigner at CEE Bankwatch Network stated that ‘All of the plants examined have damaged, or will damage, areas which are supposed to be protected by law. Such areas need to be declared no-go zones for financing in the EIB’s Biodiversity and Ecosystems Standard, if they are to be truly protected’.

A particular problem is the Bank’s financing via intermediaries – chiefly commercial banks and national promotional banks. In southeast Europe alone, the EIB has provided at least 27 intermediated loans for hydropower plants since 2010, though the names of many of the projects remain unknown given that the Bank does not publish information on the final beneficiaries of such investments.

‘Financial intermediaries in southeast Europe clearly do not have the capacity to check hydropower projects’ compliance with the EIB’s standards and EU law. The EIB needs to stop abdicating responsibility for such investments and get involved in screening sub-projects itself,’ added Pippa Gallop, Southeast Europe Energy Advisor at CEE Bankwatch Network.

For example, the EIB financed the six small Tearce and Brza Voda plants in North Macedonia via the Development Bank of North Macedonia. The plants have been built in the heart of what is now the Shar Mountain National Park. They block the Bistrica and Brza Voda rivers, preventing movement of river fauna over stretches totalling 10 kilometres. The plants’ access roads have also most likely facilitated logging of pristine forest in the area.

‘In the case of the Tearce and Brza Voda plants, the EIB clearly assumed that the national authorities were willing and able to enforce environmental law. The Bank uses this excuse to absolve itself of proper checking and monitoring of its projects. But even in the EU this is clearly not always the case. As the EU’s own investment bank, the EIB needs to clearly set out how it will ensure that all projects comply with EU law, whether they are in the EU or not,’ explained Gjorgji Mitrevski of Eko-svest, North Macedonia.

‘If the EIB is really committed to tackling the ecological and climate crises, then it needs to scrap its old thinking and revamp how it finances projects’, added Bruna Campos, Senior Policy Manager at EuroNatur.

Contacts

Anja Arning, Head of Communications, EuroNatur

anja.arning@euronatur.org +49 7732 927213

Pippa Gallop, Southeast Europe Energy Advisor, CEE Bankwatch Network

pippa.gallop@bankwatch.org +385 99 755 9787 Skype: pippa.gallop

Andrey Ralev, Biodiversity Campaigner, CEE Bankwatch Network

andrey.ralev@bankwatch.org Skype: andreyyyyyyyyyy

Notes for editors

1. Due to a lack of clear information disclosure by the Bank it is impossible to say how many hydropower projects have been financed. 42 direct EIB energy sector investments signed since 2010 (see Financed Projects) appear to include the construction of new hydropower plants, but this does not include projects via intermediaries, on which the EIB publishes no information about final beneficiaries.

2. The projects are:

Blagoevgradska Bistritsa 1-8, Bulgaria, impacting the Rila National Park and two Natura 2000 sites. The EIB supported the plant’s operation in 2012 once it had been built.
Ilovac, Croatia, built in the River Kupa Natura 2000 site.
Nenskra, Georgia, fiercely resisted by the local Svan indigenous people, also impacting an Emerald site and the proposed Upper Svaneti National Park. The EIB approved a loan in 2018, but has not yet signed it.
Mojanska 1-3, Montenegro, built in the Komovi Regional Park, with impacts on three Emerald sites and proposed Natura 2000 sites.
Bistrica (Tearce) 97-99 and Brza Voda 1-3, North Macedonia, both built in the Shar Planina Emerald site, also now protected in national law as the Shar Planina National Park.
Beli Kamen and Komalj, Serbia, built on the Crni Rzav river inside the Zlatibor Emerald site, also protected nationally as a Nature Park.
Tashlyk pumped storage completion project, Ukraine, which would damage the Bugzkyi Gard National Nature Park and Emerald site, a Regional Landscape Park and an Ichthyological Nature Reserve. The EIB has not yet approved financing for the project.

3. For more details, see https://consult.eib.org/consultation/essf-2021-en/

This publication was produced in collaboration with EuroNatur and RiverWatch in the frame of the Save the Blue Heart of Europe campaign, with financial support from MAVA Foundation.

The European Parliament at risk of losing sight of climate crisis by getting ready to support new fossil gas projects

On Monday, the lead MEPs from each political group will meet to agree the final deal on the Parliament’s proposals for the TEN-E revision before the vote in the ITRE Committee on 27 September. The latest proposals look set to allow continued funding of all gas projects featured on the EU’s fourth and fifth lists of “projects of common interest” (PCIs). The S&D are failing to challenge the conservative European People’s and European Conservatives and Reformists parties who are supporting this position.

Global Witness analysis has found that the new gas projects on the fifth list alone could emit 213 million tonnes of carbon dioxide each year, the same as Germany’s entire coal fleet in 2018. And nearly half a billion euros has been wasted already by the EU on PCIs that have failed, or are likely to.

Tara Connolly, Senior Gas Campaigner at Global Witness, said:

“We’ve had enough of empty rhetoric from those who say that they believe that climate change has to be addressed as a matter of urgency, but then fail to act when the meaningful measures that can make a difference are negotiated. With the climate crisis wreaking havoc across the world this summer, groups like the Socialists have been quick to call for action yet are now failing to heed their own calls.”

In addition to the ongoing support for fossil gas infrastructure, the Parliament is also planning to support projects that transport hydrogen. Through a process known as blending, the Parliament would allow small volumes of hydrogen to be mixed with large volumes of fossil gas, an immense loophole for gas companies cloaked in the guise of sustainability. At the same time, blending hydrogen and gas would increase consumer prices for today’s users, including those that are not likely to be the hydrogen users of tomorrow.

In its own TEN-E revision proposals the European Commission opted against future support, including funding, for any gas projects, whilst the Energy Council decided to continue support just two projects.

With the climate crisis causing ever-more severe flooding, fires and droughts, and with countries like Greece, Germany and Belgium hit particularly hard this summer, it is clear that fossil fuels have no future in Europe’s energy system.

MEPs should not shy away from their responsibilities to put in place a policy framework that phases out fossil fuels by 2035.

For more information please contact:

Paul Hallows, Communications Adviser at Global Witness: phallows@globalwitness.org | +32 484 22 50 43

Tara Connolly, Senior Gas Campaigner at Global Witness: tconnolly@globalwitness.org | +32 477790416

NOTES

[1] Global Witness analysis of emissions from gas projects which would be funded as part of the 5th PCI list.

[2] Global Witness analysis of EU subsidies wasted on gas projects that have failed, or are likely to. Read more.

[3] Food and Water Action Europe and Climate Action Network Europe analysis of the €41 billion cost of planned fossil gas infrastructure that will become stranded assets. See more.

[4] E3G factsheet on hydrogen blending.

EU complicity in colossal, lawless air pollution from Balkan coal plants must prompt swift action – new report

The report, Comply or Close, launched to mark the International Day of Clean Air for blue skies, finds that nearly 12,000 of these deaths were due to breaches of legally binding pollution limits. More than half of these preventable deaths took place in the EU, which imports 8 percent of the electricity produced by these heavily polluting plants.

Air pollution from coal plants in Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Montenegro affects not only people in their own countries but also those in neighbouring EU countries, particularly in Romania, Hungary and Greece, according to the report.

“This report lays bare the human toll from the continued breaches of coal-based electricity in the Western Balkans. Governments of the region must immediately begin a rapid and just transition to sustainable energy systems, with EU support,” said Pippa Gallop, Southeast Europe Energy Advisor at CEE Bankwatch Network.

The Large Combustion Plants Directive – an EU directive to reduce emissions of dangerous substances, adapted for countries parties to the Energy Community Treaty – legally requires these countries to rein in air pollution from their power plants since 2018. Yet, as the report finds, in 2020, the Western Balkans’ 18 coal plants emitted two and half times as much sulphur dioxide (SO2) as all 221 coal power stations in the EU combined.

The new report reveals the extent to which coal plants in the Western Balkans have not only been flouting the countries’ legal obligations, but also taking an immense toll on people’s lives in the region and beyond.

According to the analysis, 3700 people have died in the Western Balkans and 7000 in the EU only because of Western Balkan coal power plants breaching pollution limits between 2018 and 2020. Nearly a thousand more people are estimated to have died in other regions due to choking air pollution from the same power plants.

In the three years since air pollution limits became obligatory under the Energy Community Treaty, coal-fired power plants in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Kosovo have been emitting SO2 at levels that are at least six times the legal limit [1].

In Serbia alone, coal plants that are subject to the National Emissions Reduction Plan emitted in 2020 more SO2 than the entire EU coal power plant fleet.

The same year, Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Ugljevik power plant was the region’s worst polluter, single-handedly breaching the combined SO2 ceiling for all four countries. The unit, just like Serbia’s Kostolac B, has a desulphurisation system fitted, but it has not been put to use. Worse still, an additional 700 MW of new lignite capacity is still planned at the Ugljevik power plant.

All four countries with National Emission Reduction Plans – Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and North Macedonia – are currently facing dispute settlement cases for failing to comply with the pollution limits in the Plans in 2018 and 2019. Another dispute settlement case was opened against Montenegro in April 2021 after the Pljevlja power plant continued operating beyond its 20,000 hours quota under the Large Combustion Plants Directive’s “limited lifetime derogation”.

“Those Western Balkan Governments which have not yet done so, must set a date for an urgent coal phaseout”, said Davor Pehchevski, Balkan Air Pollution Campaign Coordinator at CEE Bankwatch Network. “For power plants which cannot be closed immediately, governments must limit their operating hours until emissions standards are met, in order to save lives”.

“In parallel, investments in energy efficiency measures and renewable energy must be urgently stepped up, and plans for a just transition for coal workers and communities need to be drawn up together with all relevant stakeholders, especially the affected communities.”

According to the report, the electricity generated by these coal plants and traded with the EU in 2020 — although making up a tiny fraction of EU electricity consumption — produced as much SO2 as half of the EU’s coal power plants combined.

“As our report shows, when the EU trades electricity with its Western Balkan neighbours, it bears both the impacts and part of the responsibility for the resulting out-of-control air pollution. The EU must also help countries in the Western Balkans to move beyond coal by taxing fossil-fuel based electricity imports and ensuring effective enforcement of the Energy Community Treaty”, said Lauri Myllyvirta, Lead Analyst at the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air.

“Western Balkan governments cannot dream of EU membership while ignoring pollution control rules. To avoid this kind of flagrant non-compliance, enforcement of the Energy Community Treaty must be made a priority. The European Commission and EU governments must introduce effective penalties”, concluded Ioana Ciuta, Energy Coordinator for the Western Balkans at CEE Bankwatch Network.

The report findings, as well as additional context, can be found at https://www.complyorclose.org

Contacts

Pippa Gallop
Southeast Europe Energy Advisor, CEE Bankwatch Network
pippa.gallop@bankwatch.org
+385 (0)99 755 9787
Twitter: @pippagallop

Ioana Ciuta
Energy coordinator for the Western Balkans, CEE Bankwatch Network
ioana.ciuta@bankwatch.org
+40724020281
Twitter: @unaltuser

Davor Pehchevski
Balkan Air Pollution Campaign Coordinator, CEE Bankwatch Network
davor.pehchevski@bankwatch.org
+38971264087
Twitter: @dpehche

Lauri Myllyvirta
Lead Analyst, Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA)
lauri@energyandcleanair.org
+358 50 3625 981
Twitter: @laurimyllyvirta

Notes

[1] 2019 and 2020 editions of the “Comply or Close” reports:

https://bankwatch.org/publication/comply-or-close-how-western-balkan-coal-plants-breach-air-pollution-laws-and-what-governments-must-do-about-it

https://bankwatch.org/publication/complyorclose2020

See as well: Mortality in top 10 most affected countries due to electricity imports and emissions exceedances (2018-2020)